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Yokota Daisuke: "TORANSUPEARENTO" (2014)



More than 170 years ago, the daguerreotype was publicly announced as the first truly successful photographic method. However, strictly speaking, the natural conditions on which the process is based on - e.g. the light sensitivity of silver salts - are disproportionately older. With this in mind, it becomes clear why speaking of invention, when referring to the basic photographic principles, is inappropriate. Unlike the central perspective, the principle of natural discoloration was not designed, but discovered and subsequently cultivated. In other words: analog photography's natural requirements did not only exist prior to their discovery, but will forever be located in a domain outside of human culture. Simply put, they are and will always be natural phenomena. This fact could be one of the reasons why photographs have appealed to their viewers in such a unique and peculiar way. We know very well from Nadar (1820-1910) that Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850) distrusted photography because he believed that with every exposure a thin layer of his body would be magically transported onto the silver-coated copper plate: hence, be forever lost. Simply learning about the photographic process in greater detail did not diminish the writer's skepticism. Only a single image of him would ever be taken. In a sense, Balzac was right to be suspicious, since the chemical reaction that creates the image has always been invisible to the human eye. Analog photography indeed possesses enigmatic qualities.

Today, most everyday (and evermore artistic) photographs are taken, published and consumed with the help of digital devices such as cell phones, tablets or DSRL cameras. Thanks to this new technology, everybody - at least in theory - has not only the opportunity to view photographs, but also to take them whenever desired. Yet, as with all technological advancement, some see this development positively, others do not. Those who doubt the digital descendant often feel a lack of tactility and depth. This arguably relates to the fact that the image is no longer being composed of the familiar scattered grain on a negative film or paper, but as rigid digital information in the form of a grid of pixels. No more darkroom to work in, no more chemicals to develop an exposed negative or photo paper, no more containers to preserve the foul-smelling chemicals - digital photography, one could conclude, really made it comfortable for us. But again, this is exactly why those who are at odds with the digital revolution are unsatisfied - they feel the need to revive the old alchemist spirit.

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Yokota Daisuke: Toransupearento (2014).


Yokota Daisuke (b. 1983 in Saitama Prefecture), who graduated from Tokyo's Nippon Photography Institute in 2003 and has since made a name for himself internationally, is arguably the most promising of the younger photographers at work in Japan today. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he does not fall into the trap of trying to emulate his already established predecessors' styles in hopes for success. Instead, his artistic pursuit is based on a solid photo-theoretical foundation and strong will to scrutinize the limits of the photographic medium. Up until now, in all of his published books since the debut of his self-published Water Side in 2010, Yokota has questioned the very nature of photography itself. His more recent 2014 publication Toransupearento - published in collaboration with Kominek Books, Berlin and Newfave, Tokyo - vividly illustrates key aspects that make up his unique working method.

Yokota Daisuke: Toransupearento (2014).

Toransupearento is truly an exception to the norm, not in terms of its size or number of pages, but pretty much in any other way. The photographs - some black-and-white but most of them toned in either a single dominant hue or varying colors (most likely produced via a deliberately induced chemical reaction of the color prints emulsion with acid etc.) - are all without exception printed on transparency film, stacked on top of each other in sets of two or three film sheets and separated by an underlying white piece of paper. Their close resemblance to oversized negatives or slide film is surely no coincidence. A metal ring binding that pierces through every sheet and page holds the bundle together and thereby highlights their physical qualities. A blue vinyl zip bag replaces the more conventional slipcase and rounds out the overall impression. Thanks to the choice of transparent material the overlapping photographs create dream-like composite images in which disparate subject matter - even inanimate objects and animate beings such as the back of a young woman and the architecture of a dark underpass - seemingly melt together and become one. It could be said that Yokota puts a new spin on Max Ernst's Surrealist credo which derived from a line in Lautréamont's Les Chants de Maldoror (1868) and suggested combining two completely unrelated realities (usually of no particular artistic importance) on the same canvas. But Toransupearento's structure also points to the very characteristic features of Yokota's working method: that is photographing, rephotographing and ultimately superimposing the resulting images with the original ones in order to achieve dramatically altered photographic imagery.


Yokota Daisuke: Toransupearento (2014).


While talking to Yokota personally earlier this year, it became obvious how tricky and time consuming his working process really is. The initial photograph, he explained, is usually taken with a small digital compact camera. Out of the many images a selection is made and a print then produced by using a regular inkjet printer. Then, using a medium format analog camera, he rephotographs the inkjet print and develops the negative in boiling water to dissolve the emulsion - dust on or scratches to the negative film are of no concern to Yokota for that matter but instead embraced as part of the analog process. Due to the corrosion and crystallization of the silver, the negative's surface becomes opaque and cannot be used for traditional darkroom printing. Instead, he uses a scanner to digitalize it. Via Photoshop the digital image is in the end laid on top of the original photograph from which it was taken. This entire process, Yokota explained, is sometimes repeated up to ten times. Interestingly enough, all this is done exclusively at his apartment in Tokyo. Of all of the publications, Toransupearento makes Yokota's method of working in layers most easily comprehensible. By turning over the printed sheets, each initial composite image (made up of a set of two or three layers of transparency film) is gradually reduced to a single photograph as if undoing the necessary steps in order to create one of Yokota’s final photographs. It all happens in reverse direction. In doing so, the viewer is not only granted the opportunity to revoke the process of superimposing but also gets to actually look behind each photograph thanks to the transparency film.

Yokota Daisuke: Toransupearento (2014).


Yokota's approach is very much hands-on - he possesses a true do-it-yourself mentality that apparently developed during his teenage years as a skateboarder. At that time he and his friends would create small editions of self-produced zines that were printed using the copy machines in their local convenience store (an integral part of every Japanese city and the place to go when in need for drinks, food, magazines, ATM, or most other useful daily consumer goods or services). As Yokota found out, every machine had its own particular flaws with regard to the printing quality. For the production of his now much sought-after Backyard (self-published in 2011), he once again used the same copy machines to roughen his photographs and in doing so apparently emptied the ink cartridge more than once. Although, 42 years earlier the members of Provoke likewise utilized a copy machine to drastically lower their prints' quality before publishing them in the third issue of the coterie magazine in August 1969, it would be false to peg Yokota as directly related that group. Pointing out the various practical and methodological disparities - not even taking into account the historical and political ones - would go beyond the scope of this text. Rather, it is safe to say that he shares similar ideas, notions and especially doubts about what photography is and ultimately can do.

Yokota Daisuke: Toransupearento (2014).


Yokota Daisuke is bent on working with the photographic medium itself rather than using it as a documentary tool. He is testing the medium's structural and temporal characteristics, possibilities and limitations. In doing so, he catalyzes the formation of visually exciting photographs that challenge the viewers to rethink the nature and conditions of photography as well. What makes Yokota's approach truly contemporary is the embrace of both the digital and analog worlds' advantages and disadvantages in order to create his imagery. But in spite of the rapid technological advancement, it became clear while talking to Yokota that the analog tradition will never become obsolete for him. After all, an alchemist spirit was never easy to tame.

Yokota Daisuke: Toransupearento (2014).